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IDysgraphia ubunzima bokufunda obuthinta ukubhala ngesandla namakhono emoto amahle (ikhono lokwenza ukunyakaza ngokuvumelanisa imisipha emincane yezandla nezihlakala). Zonke izingane ezincane zibhekana nezinkinga ngenkathi zifunda ukubhala nokuthuthukisa ukubhala kwazo ngesandla. Kepha uma ukubhala ngesandla kwengane yakho kungacaci noma kuhlanekezelwe ngokungaguquguquki, uma ingane yakho izonda ukubhala ngoba isenzo sokwenza izinhlamvu sizizwa sikhathele kanzima - kungaba uphawu lwe-dysgraphia [1] . Kukhonjwa kakhulu lapho ingane ifunda ukubhala, noma kunjalo, i-dysgraphia ingahle ingabonakali iminyaka, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezimnene.
Izimbangela Ze-Dysgraphia
Ngokusho kochwepheshe, i-dysgraphia ezinganeni ivame ukubangelwa inkinga yokubhala nge-orthographic coding. Lokhu kuphazamiseka kwemizwa kuthinta inkumbulo esebenzayo esivumela ukuthi sikhumbule unomphela amagama abhaliwe nokuthi sisebenzisa kanjani izandla neminwe ukubhala lawo magama. Lokhu kwenzeka kakhulu nokunye ukukhubazeka kokufunda njenge-ADHD (Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder) kanye ne-dyslexia ezinganeni. Ukulimala kobuchopho kungadala izimpawu ze-dysgraphia kubantu abadala.
Izimpawu Ze-Dysgraphia
Ukubhala ngesandla okungacacile nokuhlanekezelwe kuyisibonakaliso esivame kakhulu se-dysgraphia. Kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi kungenzeka ukuthi ube ne-dysgraphia noma ngabe ingane yakho inombhalo ococekile. Kuleso simo, ukubhala ngobunono kuba ngumsebenzi oyisidina futhi odla isikhathi enganeni yakho.
Nazi ezinye izici ezijwayelekile ze-dysgraphia:
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlamvu okungafanelekile nezikhala zamagama
- Ukusula njalo
- Isipelingi nofeleba okungalungile
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlamvu okungafanelekile nezikhala zamagama
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlamvu ezihlanganisayo neziphrintiwe
- Inkinga yokukopisha amagama
- Ukubhala okukhathazayo
- Umkhuba wokusho amagama ngokuzwakalayo ngenkathi ubhala
- Amagama angekho nezincwadi ezivela emishweni
- Ukuhlela okungalungile kwendawo (ubunzima bokuhlukanisa izikhala ephepheni noma ngaphakathi komugqa)
- Ukubambelela okucinene, okuholela ezandleni ezibuhlungu [1]
Ukuxilongwa Kwe-Dysgraphia
Ukuxilongwa kwe-dysgraphia ngokuvamile kwenziwa yithimba lochwepheshe, kufaka phakathi udokotela, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esinelayisense noma abanye ochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo abanolwazi ekubhekaneni nezingane ezikuleso simo. Ngasikhathi sinye ungaxhumana nodokotela we-dysgraphia oqeqeshelwe ukuthola lokhu kukhubazeka.
Ukuxilongwa kungafaka ukuhlolwa kwe-IQ. Izimpawu zingabuye zihlolwe ngokususelwa esabelweni sabo sesikole noma emsebenzini wezifundo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-dysgraphia kufaka into yokubhala, ukukopisha imisho noma ukuphendula imibuzo emfushane eseyi. Babuye bahlole amakhono amahle wemoto, lapho ingane yakho izohlolwa khona ngezenzo ze-reflex namakhono wezimoto. Uchwepheshe uzama ukuthola ukuthi ingane yakho ingahlela kahle kanjani imicabango futhi idlulise imibono, kufaka phakathi ikhwalithi yokubhala kwayo [okubili] .
Ukwelashwa Kwe-Dysgraphia
Alikho ikhambi laphakade le-dysgraphia. Abelaphi kudingeka babheke ukuthi kukhona yini okunye ukukhubazeka kokufunda noma izimo zezempilo ezihilelekile. Imithi esetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-ADHD isizile nge-dysgraphia ezinganeni ezihlushwa yilezi zimo zombili. Ukwelashwa emsebenzini kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni amakhono okubhala ngesandla [3] . Ikhuthaza izingane ukuthi zenze imisebenzi, efana
- ukubenza bazijwayeze ukubamba ipeni ngendlela entsha, ukuze ukubhala kuzwakale kulula kubo,
- ukusebenza ngobumba bokumodela,
- ukuxazulula puzzle ukuxhuma-the-amachashazi,
- ukudweba imigqa ngaphakathi kwamamazile, futhi
- Ukulandela izinhlamvu kukhilimu wokushefa edeskini.
Kunezinhlelo eziningi zokubhala ezitholakalayo ezisiza izingane ezikulesi simo [4] .
Ungayiphatha Kanjani iDysgraphia
Ngaphezu kobunzima obuphathekayo, izingane ezine-dysgraphia zibhekana nokudikibala okuningi okudala umuzwa wokuzenyeza kuzo. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nenqubekela phambili yokufunda ekilasini kubenza bazizwe bengenakuzisiza ngezinye izikhathi. Ngaphandle kokwelapha nokwelashwa okuvamile, ukungenelela kwakho njengomzali kungasiza ingane yakho ukubhekana nalesi simo ngempumelelo. Ukungenelela kwasekhaya kwe-dysgraphia kufaka
- ubafundise ukuthayipha,
- ukubasiza ukuba babambe kahle ipensela noma ipeni,
- ukuvuma ukubhala umsebenzi wesikole wengane yakho noma izabelo zakho ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze wabelane nengcindezi, futhi
- ukwenza ingane yakho iqophe imisho ngaphambi kokuyibhala phansi.
Ungahlala usebenza nabaphathi besikole nothisha bengane yakho ukuletha ushintsho empilweni yakhe yokufunda. Nakhu ukuthi izikole zingawenza kanjani umehluko:
- Nikeza othatha inothi ekilasini noma unikeze abafundi ikhophi yothisha yenothi.
- Dala okunye ukunikezwa ngomlomo okunikezwayo, noma ushintshe ishidi lokusebenzela elifushane ngesifinyezo esisheshayo sesifundo somlomo.
- Vumela abafundi abane-dysgraphia ukuthi basebenzise indawo yokuhlala njengokubamba ipensela, amapeni angasulekayo, iphepha elinolayini abaphakanyisiwe njll ukubasiza ekusebenzeni ngamakhono okubhala ngesandla.
- Nikeza imvume yokusebenzisa amakhompyutha lapho kungenzeka khona.
- Vumela izingane ukuthi zisebenzise ithuluzi lokuhlola ukupela uma kungenzeka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, udinga ukuthi ubekezele futhi uvumele ingane yakho ukuthi ijwayele ukwelashwa nezimo eziguqukayo, noma ngabe intuthuko ihamba kancane. Ngokwakha umphakathi wothisha abasekelayo, abangani, amalungu omndeni kanye nabelaphi, ungakha kabusha ukuzethemba kwabo okonakele futhi ubasize baphumelele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Buka Izinkomba ze-Article- [1]UMcCloskey, M., & Rapp, B. (2017). Intuthuko i-dysgraphia: Ukubuka konke nohlaka locwaningo.Cognops neuropsychology, 34 (3-4), 65-82.
- [okubili]URichards, T. L., Grabowski, T. J., Boord, P., Yagle, K., Askren, M., Mestre, Z.,… UBerninger, V. (2015). Amaphethini wobuchopho ahlukanisayo wemingcele ehlobene nokubhala ye-DTI, ukuxhumana kwe-fMRI, kanye nokuxhumana kokuxhuma kwe-DTI-fMRI ezinganeni ezine-dysgraphia noma i-dyslexia nangaphandle kwayo. Imitholampilo, 8, 408-421.
- [3]U-Engel, C., Lillie, K., Zurawski, S., & Travers, B. G. (2018). Izinhlelo Zokubhala Ngesandla seKharikhulamu: Ukubuyekezwa Okuhlelekile Ngobukhulu Bomphumela.Iphephabhuku laseMelika lezokwelapha emsebenzini: ukushicilelwa okusemthethweni kweAmerican Occupational Therapy Association, 72 (3), 7203205010p1-77203205010p8.
- [4]IRosenblum S. (2018). Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezici zokubhala ngesandla nezinhloso zokulawulwa okuphezulu phakathi kwezingane ezine-dysgraphia yentuthuko IPloS one, 13 (4), e0196098.
