IWAYINI ELIMHLOPHE VS IWAYINI ELIBOMVU: YIKUPHI OKUNEMPILO?

Ngezaziso ezisheshayo Bhalisela Manje

I-Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Izimpawu, Izimbangela, Ukwelashwa Nokuvimbela Buka Isampula Ngezaziso Ezisheshayo VUMELA IZAZISO Ngezaziso Zansuku zonke

Vele ungene

5 amahora edlule I-Chaitra Navratri 2021: Usuku, i-Muhurta, Amasiko Nokubaluleka Kwalo Mkhosi
6 amahora edlule I-Hina Khan Iyakhazimula Nge-Copper Green Eye Shadow Nezindebe Ezinombala Ezicwebezelayo Thola Ukubukeka Ngezinyathelo Ezimbalwa Ezilula!
8 amahora edlule I-Ugadi ne-Baisakhi 2021: Spruce Up Your Festive Look With Celebs-Inspired Traditional Suits
11 amahora edlule I-Daily Horoscope: 13 Ephreli 2021

Kumele Ubuke

Ungaphuthelwa

Ikhaya Ezempilo Ukudla okunomsoco Nutrition oi-Amritha K Ngu U-Amritha K. ngo-Ephreli 30, 2019

Kusukela eminyakeni edlule, iwayini belingasetshenziswanga nje ngezinjongo zokuzithokozisa kuphela kodwa futhi nangezimo ezehlukene zezempilo. Senziwe ngejusi lamagilebhisi elibilile, isiphuzo esinambitheka ngenye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokufaka ubumnandi nempilo. Ukusetshenziswa ngokulinganisela kwewayini kungabangelwa impilo ende, ukuvikelwa kumdlavuza nempilo yengqondo ethuthukisiwe ^[1] . Enye inzuzo enjalo yokuphuza iwayini kungabangelwa indlela yokuphila eyingozi yabantu baseFrance okungathi ezimweni ezijwayelekile kube nomphumela wokufa ngenxa yesifo senhliziyo. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwewayini ngesikhathi sokudla kuholela ekutheni izwe libe nezifo ezimbalwa zokufa okuhlobene nesifo senhliziyo ^[okubili] .

Izinzuzo ezimangazayo zewayini akuyona into etholwe yizwe lanamuhla ngoba ucwaningo olwenziwe eHarvard University lwembula ukuthi imbiza ethuneni leNkosi iScorpion I, eyaqala ngonyaka ka-3150 BC yatholwa inezinsalela zewayini kanye nenye insalela yamakhambi ^[3] . Hhayi-ke, kubukeka sengathi akusibona bodwa abazi izinzuzo zewayini! Uphuze nxazonke zomhlaba, iwayini linendawo ekhethekile empilweni yomuntu. Kusukela ekuphakamiseni imizwa yakho ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwenhliziyo yakho, isiphuzo esimnandi siza ngezinhlobo ezinhlanu eziyisisekelo - iwayini elibomvu, iwayini elimhlophe, iwayini elibusayo, iwayini elikhazimulayo newayini eliqinile ^[4] .

Namuhla, sizobheka ngokujulile izinhlobonhlobo ezivame kakhulu zewayini, ezibomvu nezimhlophe bese sibheka ukuthi iziphi izinhlobo eziphethe izinzuzo zezempilo ezingcono uma uziqhathanisa.

Umehluko Phakathi Kwewayini Elimhlophe Newayini Elibomvu

Into yokuqala eza emqondweni wawo wonke umuntu ngenkathi kukhulunywa ngomehluko phakathi kwewayini elimhlophe newayini elibomvu umehluko wombala njengoba negama liphakamisa. Kepha akukhona nje lokho!

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamagilebhisi

Iwayini elimhlophe newayini elibomvu lenziwa ngohlobo oluhlukile lwamagilebhisi. Ngenkathi amawayini abomvu enziwa ngamagilebhisi abomvu, amawayini amhlophe enziwa ngamagilebhisi amhlophe. Umbala wamagilebhisi asetshenzisiwe umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo. IPinot Noir neCabernet Sauvignon ngezinye zezinhlobo zewayini elibomvu kanti iChardonnay, iPinot Grigio, njll. ^[5] .

Izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zamagilebhisi

Kokubili iwayini elimhlophe newayini elibomvu kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zamagilebhisi. Okusho ukuthi, ngenkathi iwayini elibomvu lifakwa izikhumba zamagilebhisi nembewu, iwayini elimhlophe alikho. Isikhumba nembewu yamagilebhisi kunika iwayini elibomvu umbala walo omnyama. Ukwenza iwayini elimhlophe, amagilebhisi ayacindezelwa bese kususwa imbewu, isikhumba neziqu ngaphambi kwenqubo yokuvutshelwa ^[6] .

Okwenzelwe amanye amawayini amhlophe, izithelo zomvini ezimhlophe zivutshelwa ngezikhumba nembewu. Amawayini enziwe kusetshenziswa le nqubo abizwa nge-Orange Wines futhi anambitheka afana nalawo amawayini abomvu, futhi le ndlela ayisetshenziswa kakhulu ^[5] .

Izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokwenza iwayini

Ukunambitheka okuthambile, okunothile, nokuveviniwe kwewayini elibomvu kanye ne-zness acidity, iphunga lezimbali, namanothi ezithelo amsulwa ewayini lewayini kutholakala ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezamukelwe zokwenza iwayini. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kokwenza iwayini elibomvu nokwenziwa kwewayini elimhlophe inqubo ye-oxidation. Iwayini elibomvu likhiqizwa nge-oxidation, okwenza iwayini lilahlekelwe amanothi ezimbali nezithelo esikhundleni sokunambitheka okucebile, kwamantongomane nokwanda okuphelele okushelelayo ^[6] .

Ngokusebenzisa imiphongolo ye-oki, amazinga e-oksijini ayenyuka avumela iwayini ukuthi liphefumule futhi lihlangane ne-oksijeni, ngakho-ke okuholela ekutheni iwayini elibomvu lithole ukunambitheka kwalo okunothile. Endabeni yokukhiqizwa kwewayini emhlophe, ukuvezwa komoya-mpilo kuncishiswa ngokusebenzisa amathangi ensimbi angenasinakha, aqinisekisa ukuthela izithelo nokunambitheka kwembali kwewayini ^[5] , ^[7] .

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezondlo Phakathi Kwewayini Elimhlophe Newayini Elibomvu

Yize zombili izinhlobo zewayini zinomsoco ofanayo, kukhona umehluko phakathi kwewayini elibomvu newayini elimhlophe lokudla okunempilo ^[8] , ^[9] .

Izakhamzimba	Iwayini Elimhlophe (100g)	Iwayini elibomvu (100g)
Amakholori	82 kcal

85 kcal Ingqikithi yama-Carbohydrate 2.6г 2.6 g Ushukela 1 g 0.6 g Amaprotheni 0.1 g 0.1 g Sodium 5 g 4 mg Potassium 71 mg 127 mg Magnesium 71 mg 127 mg Insimbi 0.5 mg 1 mg Uvithamini B6 7 mg 7 mg

Lapho kuqhathaniswa inani lokudla okunomsoco lewayini elibomvu newayini elimhlophe, kuyaqondakala kalula ukuthi iwayini elibomvu linamanani amaningi amavithamini namaminerali. Noma kunjalo, iwayini elimhlophe linenani elincane lama-calories.

Izinzuzo Zokuphuza Iwayini Elimhlophe

Ezinye izinzuzo ezinkulu zezempilo zokuphuza iwayini elimhlophe zingokulandelayo ^[10] , ^{[ishumi nanye]} , ^[12] :

Kuthuthukisa umsebenzi wamaphaphu: Ukuphuza iwayini elimhlophe kuhlotshaniswa nokusebenza kwamaphaphu okuthuthukisiwe. Ama-antioxidants akhona ewayinini elimhlophe asiza ukugcina izicubu ziphilile futhi ngaleyo ndlela zikhuthaze ukuphefumula okungaphazamiseki. Ngokuya kocwaningo olwenziwe yi-University of Buffalo, kuvele ukuthi izakhamzimba ezikwiwayini elimhlophe zinamandla okuthuthukisa impilo yamaphaphu akho nokuwagcina esebenza kahle.

Ivikela inhliziyo: Ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi ukuphuza iwayini elimhlophe kuyasiza enhliziyweni yakho. Kuyasiza ukunciphisa amathuba okuthola isifo senhliziyo ngamaphesenti angafika kwangu-25.

Ingculazi ukulahleka kwesisindo: Ama-antioxidants epicatechin, i-quercetin, ne-resveratrol ewayinini elimhlophe akusiza ukuthi uchithe leso sisindo esengeziwe. Lawa ma-antioxidants asiza ukunciphisa okungaphezulu kakhulu okhalweni lwakho. Ukuphuza ingilazi eyodwa noma ezimbili zewayini elimhlophe ngosuku kusiza ukukhuthaza ukunciphisa umzimba ngendlela enempilo.

Kugwema izifo: Enye yezinye izinzuzo ezinkulu zokuphuza iwayini elimhlophe ukuthi kuyasiza ukuvimbela ukuqala kwezifo ezithile. Ama-flavonoid asewayini elimhlophe anezakhi ze-antioxidant ezisiza ukuvikela umzimba wakho ezinhlotsheni ezithile zomdlavuza, ikakhulukazi umdlavuza wamathumbu.

Chofoza lapha ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana ne- izinzuzo zezempilo zewayini elimhlophe .

Izindleko Zokuphuza Iwayini Elimhlophe

Ukuphuza ngokweqile iwayini elimhlophe kungabuyisela emuva uhambo lwakho ekulahlekelweni kwesisindo njengoba ama-calories angadala ukuzuza kwesisindo okungafuneki ^[13] .
Ukuphuza ngokweqile kungaholela otshwaleni nasekuphuzeni ubuthi.
Kwezinye izimo, kungadala i-pancreatitis.
Abantu abanezimo zenhliziyo kufanele baphuze iwayini elimhlophe ngendlela elawulwayo ngoba idala umfutho wegazi ophezulu, isifo sohlangothi, ukulimala kwemisipha yenhliziyo nokufa okungazelelwe ^[14] .
Kungcono ukuthi abesifazane abakhulelwe bangazihlanganisi nokuphuza iwayini elimhlophe ngoba kungadala isifo se-fetal alcohol syndrome ^[13] .
Amawayini amhlophe ane-asidi futhi angaba mabi emazinyweni akho.

Izinzuzo Zokuphuza Iwayini Elibomvu

Ezinye izinzuzo ezinkulu zokuphuza iwayini elibomvu zimi ngale ndlela elandelayo ^{[ishumi nanhlanu]} , ^[16] , ^[17] , ^[18] :

Kuqinisa impilo yenhliziyo: Ama-polyphenols, i-resveratrol ne-quercetin akhona ewayinini elibomvu anamandla okuvikela inhliziyo yakho ezifweni zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Umsoco we-antioxidant osewayini elibomvu usiza ukubambezela ukuqhubeka kwe-atherosclerosis. Ukudla okulawulwayo kwewayini elibomvu kusiza ekunciphiseni ukufa kwenhliziyo futhi i-resveratrol ivikela amaseli enhliziyo yakho ekulimaleni kwezicubu ngemuva kokushaywa unhlangothi, ivimbela ukwakheka kweplatelet, futhi inciphise nokuqoqeka kwe-triglyceride ne-cholesterol.

Iphatha isifo sikashukela: Ukuphuza iwayini elibomvu kungasiza ukubambezela ukudluliswa koshukela emathunjini amancane bese kuya egazini. Lolu sizo lwehlisa ijubane luvimbela i-spike emazingeni kashukela egazini ezigulini ezinesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2. Kufakwe ngisho nohlelo lokudla lukashukela, ngenxa yezinzuzo iwayini elibomvu elinalo.

Iphatha i-cholesterol: Ukusetshenziswa okulawulwayo kwewayini elibomvu kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni amazinga we-cholesterol enhle ye-HDL futhi kwehlise amazinga amabi we-LDL cholesterol. Lokhu nakho kusiza ekunciphiseni ubungozi bokuhlaselwa yizifo zenhliziyo.

Ukulwa nokukhuluphala: I-piceatannol ehlanganisiwe ekhona ngamagilebhisi abomvu inesakhiwo samakhemikhali esifana ne-resveratrol. IPiceatannol isiza ukulwa nokukhuluphala nokuzuza kwesisindo ngokuvimba ukukhula nokukhula kwamaseli amafutha.

Ilwa nomonakalo omkhulu wamahhala: Enye yezinye izinzuzo ezinkulu zokuphuza iwayini elibomvu ukuthi livimbela ukuqoqwa kwama-radicals amahhala angadala izifo ezingamahlalakhona neziya phansi, kufaka phakathi umdlavuza, izifo ezizimele, isifo samathambo, isifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi kanye nezifo ezingenayo imithambo yegazi. Ukuba khona kwama-antioxidants nakho kudlala indima enkulu ekulweni nomonakalo omkhulu wamahhala.

Ezinye izinzuzo ezinkulu zokuphuza iwayini elibomvu kunciphisa ubuhlungu obuhlangene, kunganciphisa ukwehla kwengqondo, kuvimbele ukuqala komdlavuza, futhi kwandise isikhathi sokuphila ngokuvimbela ukuqala kwezifo ezihlobene nobudala ^[17] .

Nebubi Of Ukuphuza Red Wine

Ukuphuza kakhulu kungakhuphula amathuba okuthola izifo ezithathelwanayo, njengoba kungenza buthaka amasosha omzimba akho ^[19] .
Abahlanzayo abasetshenziswa ewayinini bangadala ubuhlungu besisu, isifo sohudo, kanye nokusabela kwesifuba somoya.
Ukuphuza okungapheli kungalimaza izitho zakho zangaphakathi.

Ezinye zezifundo ziveze ukuthi ukuphuza iwayini kuyinzuzo kakhulu empilweni yakho kunokuphuza utshwala noma ubhiya. Manje njengoba sesizungeze ubuhle nobubi bewayini elimhlophe newayini elibomvu, futhi saqhathanisa izinzuzo zokudla okunempilo, kungaziwa ukuthi omunye ungcono ngokwezempilo kunenye ^[3] , ^{[amashumi amabili]} . Futhi ngemuva kokuhlola nokuhlola phakathi kwezinzuzo kanye nemiphumela engemihle etholwe yiwayini elimhlophe newayini elibomvu, kungafakazelwa ukuthi iwayini elibomvu yilona eliphumelelayo! Akusho ukuthi iwayini elimhlophe lilungele impilo yakho noma ukuthi alinazo izinzuzo emzimbeni wakho.

Kokubili iwayini elibomvu nelimhlophe lingayilungela impilo yakho uma lidliwe ngendlela elawulwayo naphakathi. Kodwa-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa newayini elimhlophe, iwayini elibomvu liya ngokuya lizuzisa enhliziyweni yakho ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-antioxidant resveratrol ^{[amashumi amabili nanye]} . Iwayini elimhlophe, yize linama-antioxidants, lilinganiselwe njengoba isikhumba samagilebhisi sikhishwa ngemuva kokuthi amagilebhisi esechotshoziwe.

Iwayini elibomvu liqukethe ama-polyphenols asiza ukulwa nokuguga ngaphambi kwesikhathi, okungenayo iwayini elimhlophe ^{[amashumi amabili]} .

Endabeni yama-calories, ingilazi yewayini elimhlophe inenani elingaphansi kancane lama-calories ayi-121 kanti iwayini elibomvu linama-calories ayi-127 ^[22] .

Iwayini elibomvu linamazinga aphezulu we-silicon kunewayini elimhlophe, okwenza libe ngumhlinzeki osebenzayo ngempilo yakho yethambo. Uma kuqhathaniswa newayini elimhlophe, iwayini elibomvu lisiza ukukhulisa ukuminyana kwamathambo futhi linciphise nezingozi ze-osteoporosis.

Ukubheka izinzuzo kanye nemiphumela emibi etholakala ngewayini elibomvu newayini elimhlophe, umuntu angaveza kalula ukuthi iwayini elibomvu lidlula iwayini elimhlophe ezingxenyeni eziningana. Ukusuka ekuthuthukiseni impilo yenhliziyo yakho ukuya ekunciphiseni ubungozi bokukhumuzeka kwamathambo, ukusetshenziswa ngokulinganisela kwewayini elibomvu kungazuzisa impilo yakho ngezindlela eziningi ^{[2. 3]} .

Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna inketho enempilo phakathi kwalezi ziphuzo ezimbili, iwayini elibomvu liyimpendulo yakho! Ukuthungwa okucebile, okubushelelezi nokuvezwa kwewayini elibomvu eligcwele izinzuzo eziningi kuyisengezo esimnandi esinempilo ekudleni kwakho.

Ukwehla Kwewayini Eliphuzayo

Konke okuza nenzuzo nakanjani kuzoba nohlangothi olubi kuyo, futhi newayini alihlukile. Yize iwayini elibomvu, kanye newayini elimhlophe, kunezinzuzo ezithile ezinikezwa lona, ukuphuza utshwala njengendlela yokwenza ngcono impilo yomuntu akumele neze kukhuthazwe - ngenxa yemiphumela eminingi eyingozi ukuphuza ngokweqile nokungalawulwa kungaba nomzimba wakho futhi ingqondo ^[24] . Izingozi zokuphuza ngokweqile ziyahlukahluka kwesibindi nenhliziyo ziye ekufeni, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi amazinga akho okuphuza uwagcine kancane. Ukuphuza ingilazi yewayini elibomvu ngosuku inani elifanele, noma kunjalo, izingilazi ezimbili nazo azikwazi ukulimaza.

Ukuphuza ngokweqile kungaholela ekulimaleni kwezitho zakho zomzimba ngoba iwayini elibomvu uqobo liyi-neurotoxin engabeka ubuchopho bakho nesibindi engcupheni. Ukuphuza kakhulu ngokweqile, ngokwezifundo zakamuva, kuxhunyaniswe nengozi yomdlavuza webele. Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi abesifazane abandisa ukuphuza kwabo babhekene nengozi enkulu yomdlavuza webele ^[25] , ^[26] .

Eminye yemiphumela emibi yokusetshenziswa kwewayini ukuthi izithako zokufakelwa ezinjengezithambisi zephunga, iziqinisi nama-ejenti wokucacisa asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka, umbala, ukuthungwa kanye neshalofu lempilo yewayini ^[27] . Ama-sulphites asetshenziswa ewayinini angadala imiphumela emibi kwabanye abantu njenge-dermatitis, ukuqhuma, ubuhlungu besisu, isifo sohudo, ukusabela kwesifuba somoya ngisho ne-anaphylaxis esongela impilo ^[28] .

Buka Izinkomba ze-Article

[1]IsiJalimane, J. B., & Walzem, R. L. (2000). Izinzuzo zezempilo zewayini.Ukubuyekezwa konyaka konyaka kokudla okunempilo, 20 (1), 561-593.
[okubili]U-Xiang, L., Xiao, L., Wang, Y., Li, H., Huang, Z., & He, X. (2014). Izinzuzo zezempilo zewayini: Ungalindeli ukuthi i-resveratrol kakhulu.I-chemistry yokudla, 156, 258-263.
[3]I-Yoo, Y. J., Saliba, A. J., MacDonald, J. B., Prenzler, P. D., & Ryan, D. (2013). Isifundo esinqamula amasiko sabathengi bewayini maqondana nezinzuzo zezempilo zewayini.Ikhwalithi Yokudla Nokuncanyelwayo, 28 (2), 531-538.
[4]UShrikhande, A. J. (2000). Imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngewayini enezinzuzo zezempilo. I-Food Research International, 33 (6), 469-474.
[5]U-Siemann, E. H., & Creasy, L. L. (1992). Ukugxila kwe-phytoalexin resveratrol ewayinini. I-American Journal ye-Enology neViticulture, 43 (1), 49-52.
[6]USingleton, V. L., noTrousdale, E. K. (1992). Ukusebenzisana kwe-Anthocyanin-tannin kuchaza umehluko kuma-phenol polymeric phakathi kwewayini elimhlophe nelibomvu. I-American Journal of Enology neViticulture, 43 (1), 63-70.
[7]UKlatsky, A. L., Armstrong, M. A., & Friedman, G. D. (1997). Iwayini elibomvu, iwayini elimhlophe, utshwala, ubhiya, kanye nengozi yokwelashwa esibhedlela kwe-artery coronary.Iphephabhuku laseMelika lezinhliziyo, 80 (4), 416-420.
[8]UWollin, S. D., noJones, P. J. (2001). Utshwala, iwayini elibomvu nesifo senhliziyo. Ijenali yezondlayo, 131 (5), 1401-1404.
[9]Katalinić, V., Milos, M., Modun, D., Musić, I., noBoban, M. (2004). Ukusebenza kwe-antioxidant yewayini elikhethiwe ngokuqhathaniswa ne (+) - ikhatheni. Ikhemistri yokudla, i-86 (4), i-593-600.
[10]UGuilford, J. M., noPezzuto, J. M. (2011). Iwayini nempilo: Ukubuyekezwa.I-American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 62 (4), 471-486.
[ishumi nanye]IConigrave, K. M., Hu, B. F., Camargo, C. A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2001). Ucwaningo olulindelekile lwamaphethini okuphuza maqondana nengozi yohlobo lwesifo sikashukela esingu-2 phakathi kwamadoda.Isifo sikashukela, 50 (10), 2390-2395.
[12]UMukamal, K. J., Conigrave, K. M., Mittleman, M. A., Camargo Jr, C. A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2003). Izindima zephethini yokuphuza kanye nohlobo lotshwala oludliwe kwizifo zenhliziyo emadodeni. I-New England Journal of Medicine, 348 (2), 109-118.
[13]UVan de Wiel, A., noDe Lange, D. W. (2008). Ingozi yenhliziyo ihlobene kakhulu nephethini yokuphuza kunohlobo lweziphuzo ezidakayo. UNeth J Med, 66 (11), 467-473.
[14]UJarisch, R., no-Wantke, F. (1996). Iwayini nekhanda Izinqolobane zomhlaba wonke zokungezwani komzimba nokuzivikela komzimba, 110 (1), 7-12.
[ishumi nanhlanu]U-Opie, L.H, & Lecour, S. (2007). I-hypothesis yewayini elibomvu: kusuka emiqondweni kuye kuma-molecule asayina okuvikela. Ijenali yenhliziyo yase-Europe, 28 (14), 1683-1693.
[16]USaremi, A., no-Arora, R. (2008). Imiphumela yenhliziyo yotshwala newayini elibomvu.Umagazini waseMelika wezokwelapha, 15 (3), 265-277.
[17]USzmitko, P. E., & Verma, S. (2005). Amandla we-antiatherogenic wewayini elibomvu: ukuvuselelwa komtholampilo.I-American Journal yePhysology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 288 (5), H2023-H2030.
[18]U-Ellison, R. C. (2002). Ukulinganisela izingozi nezinzuzo zokuphuza okulinganiselayo Izimpikiso zeNew York Academy of Sciences, 957 (1), 1-6.
[19]IHiggins, L. M., & Llanos, E. (2015). Ukuzitika okunempilo? Abathengi bewayini kanye nezinzuzo zezempilo zewayini.Izomnotho kanye neNqubomgomo yeWayini, 4 (1), 3-11.
[amashumi amabili]Seigneur, M., Bonnet, J., Dorian, B., Benchimol, D., Drouillet, F., Gouverneur, G., ... & Bricaud, H. (1990). Umphumela wokusetshenziswa kotshwala, iwayini elimhlophe, newayini elibomvu ekusebenzeni kweplatelet nase-serum lipids. Ijenali ye-Applied Cardiology, 5 (3), 215-222.
[amashumi amabili nanye]UFuhrman, B., Volkova, N., Suraski, A., no-Aviram, M. (2001). Iwayini elimhlophe elinempahla efana newayini elibomvu: ukukhishwa okwandisiwe kwama-polyphenols esikhumba samagilebhisi kuthuthukisa amandla e-antioxidant wewayini elimhlophe elitholakele. I-Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49 (7), 3164-3168.
[22]UWhitehead, T. P., Robinson, D., Allaway, S., Syms, J., & Hale, A. (1995). Umphumela wokungeniswa kwewayini elibomvu kumandla we-antioxidant we-serum. I-Clinical Chemistry, 41 (1), 32-35.
[2. 3]UPignatelli, P., Ghiselli, A., Buchetti, B., Carnevale, R., Natella, F., Germano, G., ... & Violi, F. (2006). I-Polyphenols synergistically inhibit stressative oxidative ezifundweni ezinikezwe iwayini elibomvu nelimhlophe. I -therosclerosis, 188 (1), 77-83.
[24]UFuhrman, B., uLavy, A., no-Aviram, M. (1995). Ukusetshenziswa kwewayini elibomvu nokudla kunciphisa ukuthambeka kwe-plasma yabantu kanye ne-low-density lipoprotein ku-lipid peroxidation.Iphephabhuku laseMelika lokondleka komtholampilo, 61 (3), 549-554.
[25]U-Siemann, E. H., & Creasy, L. L. (1992). Ukugxila kwe-phytoalexin resveratrol ewayinini. I-American Journal ye-Enology neViticulture, 43 (1), 49-52.
[26]U-Weisse, M. E., Eberly, B., & Umuntu, D. A. (1995). Iwayini njengosizo lokugaya ukudla: imiphumela yokuqhathanisa namagciwane ye-bismuth salicylate newayini elibomvu nelimhlophe. IBmj, 311 (7021), 1657-1660.
[27]UNigdikar, S. V., Williams, N. R., Griffin, B. A., & Howard, A. N. (1998). Ukusetshenziswa kwewayini elibomvu i-polyphenols kunciphisa ukuthambekela kwama-lipoprotein asezingeni eliphansi ku-oxidation ku-vivo.Iphephabhuku laseMelika lokondleka kwemitholampilo, i-68 (2), 258-265.
[28]UDaglia, M., Papetti, A., Grisoli, P., Aceti, C., Dacarro, C., & Gazzani, G. (2007). Umsebenzi we-Antibacterial wewayini elibomvu nelimhlophe elwa ne-streptococci yomlomo. I-Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55 (13), 5038-5042.